At the turn of the nineteenth century, the Ottoman Empire straddled three continents and encompassed extraordinary ethnic and cultural diversity among the estimated thirty million people living within its borders. It was perhaps the most cosmopolitan stat
List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Note on Transliteration, Place Names, and Dates xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Ottoman Empire at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century 6 Chapter 2: Initial Ottoman Responses to the Challenge of Modernity 42 Cha