Research on bone remodeling has resulted in much new information and has led to improvements in design and biomedical practices. Mechanics of Cellular Bone Remodeling: Coupled Thermal, Electrical, and Mechanical Field Effects presents a unified exploration of recent advances, giving readers a sound understanding of bone remodeling and its mathematical representation. Beginning with a description of the basic concept of bone remodeling from a mathematical point of view, the book details the development of each of the techniques and ideas. From there it progresses to the derivation and construction of multifield and cellular bone remodeling and shows how they arise naturally in response to external multifield loads.
Topics include: * Fundamental concepts and basic formulations for bone remodeling * Applications of formulations to multifield internal bone remodeling of inhomogeneous long cylindrical bone * Theory and solution of multifield surface bone remodeling * A hypothetical regulation mechanism on growth factors for bone modeling and remodeling under multifield loading * The RANK-RANKL-OPG pathway and formulation for analyzing the bone remodeling process * A model of bone cell population dynamics for cortical bone remodeling under mechanical and pulsed electromagnetic stimulus * Recent developments in experiments with bone materials Readers will benefit from the thorough coverage of general principles for each topic, followed by detailed mathematical derivations and worked examples, as well as tables and figures where appropriate. The book not only serves as a reliable reference but is also destined to attract interested readers and researchers to a field that offers fascinating and technologically important challenges.
Introduction to Bone Materials Types of Bones Bone Types Based on the Macroscopic Approach Bone Types Based on Microscopic Observation Bone Types Based on Geometric Shape Bone Functions Bone Cells Osteoporosis Bone Metabolism Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Vitamin D Calcitonin Insulin-like Growth Factor Transforming Growth Factor Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Fibroblast Growth Factor Introduction to Bone Remodeling Basic Bone Remodeling Theory Adaptive Elastic Theory Two Kinds of Bone Remodeling Surface Bone Remodeling Internal Bone Remodeling A Simple Theory of Surface Bone Remodeling Basic Equations of the Theory Bone Remodeling of Diaphysial Surfaces Extension to Poroelastic Bone with Fluid A Simple Theory of Internal Bone Remodeling Internal Remodeling Induced by Casting a Broken Femur Extension to Poroelastic Bone with Fluid Multifield Internal Bone Remodeling Linear Theory of Thermoelectroelastic Bone Analytical Solution of a Homogeneous Hollow Circular Cylindrical Bone Semianalytical Solution for Inhomogeneous Cylindrical Bone Layers Internal Surface Pressure Induced by a Medullar Pin Numerical Examples A Hollow, Homogeneous Circular Cylindrical Bone Subjected to Various External Loads A Hollow, Inhomogeneous Circular Cylindrical Bone Subjected to External Loads Extension to Thermomagnetoelectroelastic Solid Multifield Surface Bone Remodeling Solution of Surface Modeling for a Homogeneous Hollow Circular Cylindrical Bone Rate Equation for Surface Bone Remodeling Differential Field Equation for Surface Remodeling Approximation for Small Changes in Radii Analytical Solution of Surface Remodeling Application of Semianalytical Solution to Surface Remodeling of Inhomogeneous Bone Surface Remodeling Equation Modified by an Inserting Medullar Pin Numerical Examples for Thermopiezoelectric Bones Extension to Thermomagnetoelectroelastic Solid References Theoretical Models of Bone Modeling and Remodeling Hypothetical Mechanism of Bone Remodeling Bone Growth Factors Electrical Signals in Bone Remodeling Bone Mechanostat Adaptive Bone Modeling and Remodeling A Mechanistic Model for Internal Bone Remodeling Relationship between Elastic Modulus and Bone Porosity Porosity Changes BMU Activation Frequency Rate of Fatigue Damage Accretion Disuse BMU Activation Frequency Response to Disuse and Damage A Model for Electromagnetic Bone Remodeling A Constitutive Model Numerical Examples Bone Surface Modeling Model Considering Growth Factors Equations of Growth and Remodeling Bone Remodeling Simulation Bone Remodeling Induced by a Medullary Pin The Solution of Displacements and Contact Force p(t) A Constitutive Remodeling Model Numerical Assessments Effect of Parathyroid Hormone on Bone Metabolism Structure of the Model and Assumption Bone Remodeling Formulation Results and Discussion Cortical Bone Remodeling under Mechanical Stimulus Development of Mathematical Formulation RANK-RANKL-OPG Signaling Pathway Mechanotransduction in Bone Mathematical Model Numerical Investigation Parametric Study of the Control Mechanism Bone Remodeling under Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields and Clinical Applications Model Development Effects of PEMF on Bone Remodeling Mathematical Model Numerical Investigation of the Model Parametric Study of Control Mechanism of Bone Remodeling under PEMF Effects of PEMF on Patients Undergoing Hip Revision Basic Process Clinical and Densitometric Evaluation PEMF Stimulation Discussion Experiments Removal of Soft Tissue from Bone Samples Removal of Soft Tissues Preparation of Thin Sections Microstructural Analysis and Porosity Measurement Standard Microhardness Indentation Testing Results for the Samples after Removal of Soft Tissues Change of Microstructure with Cleaning Procedure Microindentation Testing of Dry Cortical Bone Tissues Preparation of Bone Samples Standard Microhardness Indentation Testing Testing Results Stretching-Relaxation Properties of Bone Piezovoltage Sample Preparation Experimental Setup Experimental Procedure and Characteristics of Piezovoltage Results and Discussion The Fitting Scheme for Stretched Exponential Function Influence of Shear Stress on Bone Piezovoltage Methods Results Discussion Appendix A: Bone Types Based on Pattern of Development and Region Index