For introductory courses in engineering at the freshmen and sophomore levelat both community colleges and universities. An environmental engineering text for beginning students. In Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition, authors Richard Mines and Laura Lackey explain complicated environmental systems in easy-to-understand terms, providing numerous examples to reinforce the concepts presented in each chapter.
1 * ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AS A PROFESSION 1 1.1 Welcome 1 1.2 Whats Your Definition of Environmental Engineering? 1 1.3 Environmental Engineers Make a Difference 2 1.3.1 Jobs in Demand 2 1.3.2 A Lousy Report Card 2 1.3.3 Basic Necessities-New Challenges 3 1.4 Duties and Important Characteristics of Environmental Engineers 3 1.4.1 Multidisciplinary Teams 4 1.4.2 Work Outdoors 4 1.4.3 Consulting Firms 4 1.4.4 Government 4 1.4.5 Regulatory Agencies 5 1.4.6 Industry 5 1.4.7 Academia 5 1.4.8 Does Environmental Engineering Match My Interests? 5 1.5 Environmental Calamities 5 1.5.1 Love Canal 5 1.5.2 Milwaukee Cryptosporidium Outbreak 6 1.5.3 Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster 7 1.6 Becoming an Environmental Engineer: A Lifelong Process 7 1.6.1 College Education 7 1.6.2 Professional Licensure 7 1.6.3 Engineering Ethics 8 1.6.4 Continuing Education 9 1.7 Problem Solving 10 1.8 Environmental Management 12 2 * INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING CALCULATIONS: DIMENSIONS, UNITS, AND CONVERSIONS 15 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Dimensions and Units 15 2.3 Essential Derived Units and Conversion Practice 18 2.3.1 Density 18 2.3.2 Concentration 20 2.3.3 Flow rate 26 2.3.4 Residence time 27 2.4 Precision, Bias, and Accuracy 28 2.5 Significant Figures 29 Summary 30 Key Words 30 References 30 Exercises 30 3 * ESSENTIAL CHEMICAL CONCEPTS 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Fundamentals 32 3.2.1 Atoms 32 3.2.2 Elements 32 3.3 Chemical Reactions 37 3.3.1 Stoichiometry 38 3.4 Solution Chemistry-Aqueous Phase 42 3.4.1 Acid-Base Chemistry 42 3.4.2 Strong Acids and Bases vs.Weak Acids and Bases 45 3.4.3 The Carbonate System and Alkalinity 47 3.5 Solid-Phase Equilibrium Reactions 48 3.6 Solution Chemistry-Gas Phase 51 3.6.1 Ideal Gas Law 51 3.6.2 General Gas Laws-Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lussac, Combined Gas 51 3.6.3 Daltons Law of Partial Pressure 53 3.6.4 Raoults Law and Henrys Law 54 4 * BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONCEPTS 59 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Biological Systems 59 4.2.1 Cell Structure 60 4.2.2 Classification of Organisms 60 4.2.3 Major Groups of Organisms 61 4.2.4 Microbial Growth 66 4.3 Ecological Systems 69 4.3.1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems 70 4.3.2 Food Chains 71 4.3.3 Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity 74 4.4 Nutrient Cycles 75 4.4.1 Carbon Cycle 75 4.4.2 Nitrogen Cycle 76 4.4.3 Phosphorus Cycle 79 4.4.4 Sulfur Cycle 80 4.5 Limnological Concepts and Eutrophication 81 4.5.1 Stratification 82 4.5.2 Lake Classification 84 4.5.3 Dissolved-Oxygen Depletion in Streams 85 Summary 93 Key Words 93 References 93 Exercises 94 5 * RISK ASSESSMENT 98 5.1 Concept or Perception of Risk 98 5.2 Risk Assessment 101 5.2.1 Data Collection and Evaluation 102 5.2.2 Toxicity Assessment 102 5.2.3 Exposure Assessment 107 5.2.4 Risk Characterization 110 5.3 Risk Management 112 5.4 Environmental Impact Analysis 113 5.4.1 Overview of Environmental Impact Statement 113 5.4.2 Environmental Impact Statement 113 Summary 116 Key Words 117 References 117 Exercises 117 6 * DESIGN AND MODELING OF ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 120 6.1 Introduction 120 6.2 Chemical and Biochemical Reactions 120 6.2.1 Rates of Reaction 121 6.2.2 Rate Law and Order of Reaction 121 6.2.3 Zero-Order Reactions 122 6.2.4 First-Order Reactions 123 6.2.5 Second-Order Reactions 125 6.2.6 Temperature Corrections 128 6.3 Material Balances 130 6.4 Flow Regimes and Reactors 134 6.4.1 Flow Regimes 134 6.4.2 Reactors 134 6.5 Energy Balances 143 6.5.1 Definition of Energy and Work 143 Summary 150 Key Words 150 References 150 Exercises 150 7 * SUSTAINABILITY AND GREEN DEVELOPMENT 154 7.1 Introduction 154 7.2 Sustainable Development and Green Engineering 155 7.2.1 Sustainable Development 155 7.2.2 Green Engineering 155 7.2.3 Material Selection 156 7.3 Nuclear Physics 158 7.3.1 Radioactivity 159 7.4 Case Histories 165 7.4.1 New Chairs from Haworth and Steelcase 165 7.4.2 Paper or Plastic Bags? 165 7.4.3 Selection of Materials for Beverage Containers 166 7.4.4 Coal versus Nuclear Energy 167 7.4.5 Advanced Integrated Wastewater Pond System (AIWPS) 167 Summary 169 Key Words 169 References 169 Exercises 171 8 * WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION 172 8.1 Importance of Water 172 8.2 Beneficial Uses of Water 172 8.2.1 Public Supply 173 8.2.2 Domestic 174 8.2.3 Irrigation 174 8.2.4 Livestock 174 8.2.5 Aquaculture 174 8.2.6 Industrial 174 8.2.7 Mining 175 8.2.8 Thermoelectric Power 175 8.3 Hydrologic Cycle 175 8.4 Water Pollution 175 8.5 Water Quality Parameters 177 8.5.1 Conventional Water Quality Assessment Parameters 177 8.6 Water Quality Standards 194 8.6.1 Drinking Water Standards 194 8.6.2 Wastewater Effluent Standards 195 8.6.3 Surface Water Quality Standards 196 8.7 Kepone Contamination of the James River 197 Summary 197 Key Words 198 References 198 Exercises 199 9 * WATER TREATMENT 201 9.1 Introduction 201 9.2 General Considerations for Selecting Technology 202 9.2.1 Water Source and Quality 202 9.2.2 Drinking Water Standards 202 9.2.3 Microconstituents 203 9.3 Overview of Surface Water Treatment Systems 203 9.3.1 Conventional Surface Water Treatment 203 9.3.2 Membrane Treatment 205 9.4 Overview of Groundwater Treatment Systems 205 9.4.1 Conventional Lime-Soda Ash Treatment 206 9.4.2 Reverse Osmosis Treatment 206 9.5 Surface Water Treatment Processes 207 9.5.1 Coagulation and Flocculation 207 9.5.2 Mixing 210 9.5.3 Flocculation Tanks 213 9.5.4 Water Softening 215 9.5.5 Sedimentation 220 9.5.6 Filtration 226 9.5.7 Disinfection 233 9.6 Treatment of Water Treatment Plant Residuals 238 Summary 239 Key Words 239 References 239 Exercises 240 10 * DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT 243 10.1 Introduction 243 10.2 Wastewater Treatment Categorization 245 10.2.1 Secondary Wastewater Treatment 245 10.2.2 Advanced Wastewater Treatment (AWT) 246 10.3 Overview of Wastewater Treatment Systems 246 10.4 Preliminary Treatment 247 10.4.1 Screening 248 10.4.2 Grit Removal 248 10.5 Primary Treatment 249 10.6 Secondary Treatment 252 10.6.1 Activated Sludge 253 10.6.2 Aerator Systems 258 10.6.3 Trickling Filters 260 10.7 Secondary Clarification 262 10.8 Disinfection of Wastewater 264 10.8.1 Disinfectants Used in Wastewater Treatment 264 10.8.2 Chlorination of Wastewater 264 10.8.3 Chlorine Contact Basin 264 10.9 Sludge Treatment and Disposal 266 10.9.1 Sludge Weight and Volume Relationships 266 10.9.2 Thickening Operations 267 10.9.3 Stabilization 269 10.9.4 Dewatering 275 10.9.5 Sludge Disposal 275 Summary 275 Key Words 276 References 276 Exercises 277 11 * AIR POLLUTION 279 11.1 Introduction 279 11.2 History 280 11.3 Regulatory Overview 281 11.4 Sources and Effects 282 11.4.1 Particulates 282 11.4.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) 283 11.4.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 284 11.4.4 Sulfur Oxides (SOx) 284 11.4.5 Lead 285 11.4.6 Ozone (O3) 285 11.4.7 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) 286 11.4.8 The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change 286 11.5 Control of Particulate Matter From Stationary Sources 289 11.5.1 Mechanical Separators-Settling Chambers 290 11.5.2 Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) 293 11.6 Gas and Vapor Control Technology 297 11.6.1 Incineration 297 11.6.2 Absorption-Packed-Bed Scrubbers and Flue Gas Desulfurization 298 Summary 302 Key Words 302 References 302 Exercises 303 12 * FUNDAMENTALS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE SITE REMEDIATION 305 12.1 The Problem 305 12.1.1 Highlights in Hazardous Waste History 305 12.2 Contaminant Characteristics and Phase Distribution 309 12.2.1 Contaminants of Concern 309 12.2.2 Contaminant Characteristics 315 12.2.3 Darcys Law 320 12.3 Overview of Microbial Processes 323 12.3.1 An Overview of Bacteria 323 12.3.2 Environmental Factors Affecting Microbial Metabolism 323 12.4 Introduction to Engineered Remediation Processes 324 12.4.1 In situ Remediation Schemes 324 12.4.2 Ex situ Remediation Schemes - Composting and Landfarming 328 Summary 331 Key Words 331 References 331 Exercises 332 13 * INTRODUCTION TO SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT 333 13.1 Introduction 333 13.2 Regulations and Solid Waste Management 335 13.2.1 RCRA Solid Waste Definition 335 13.2.2 RCRA Hazardous Waste Definition 336 13.2.3 RCRA Nonhazardous Waste 337 13.3 Waste Generation (Quantifying MSW Generation) 337 13.4 Solid Waste Collection 340 13.4.1 Types of Collection Systems 340 13.4.2 Equipment 341 13.4.3 Problems and Concerns 341 13.5 Landfill Containment and Monitoring Systems 343 Summary 345 Key Words 345 References 345 Exercises 346